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The medial S is an elongated form of the letter S. It looks like a lowercase F, but with a line sticking out only on the left side of the letter. It was used in manuscripts published between the 8th and 19th centuries, whenever the letter S appeared at the beginning of or in the middle of a word; serf would be ſerf, and hessian would be heſſian, for example. The use of the medial S declined with the rise of the printing press, as printers preferred to use only one consistent S form.

A noun string is a group of nouns or adjectives clumped together to create one single term. They can create confusing and clunky text. To fix a noun string, reorder the phrase to start with the final noun, add prepositions and articles to clarify meaning, and look for opportunities to convert nouns into verbs.