How to Write Numbers

Since this is my 100th episode, it seems like a fitting time to talk about how to use numbers in sentences.

[Note: There are many exceptions to the rules about how to write numbers. These tips will point you in the right direction, but if you are serious about understanding all the rules, you need to buy a style guide such as The Chicago Manual of Style or The Associated Press Stylebook.]

Whether to use a numeral or to spell out a number as a word is a matter of style. For general writing, most guides agree that you should use words for the numbers one through nine, but for larger numbers the rules vary wildly from style guide to style guide. Some say to use words for the numbers one to one hundred, one to ten, any word that can be written with one or two words, and so on. Typically, people who write business or technical documents are more likely to use numerals liberally, whereas people who write less technical documents are more likely to write out the words for numbers. If someone handles numbers a different way than you do, they’re probably using a different style guide, so the best advice I can give you is to pick a style and stick with it when it makes sense. (Since I used to be a technical writer, I write out the words for numbers one through nine, and use numerals for most other numbers.)

Fortunately, some rules about writing numbers are more universally agreed upon than the general rules I just told you about.

Normalization

Let’s say you’re writing about snail development–a technical subject–and you’ve decided on a style that says you use words for the numbers one through nine and numerals for anything bigger. If you come upon a case where you have two related numbers in the same sentence, you should write them both as numerals if you would write one as a numeral. The idea is to write them the same way when they are in the same sentence. So even though you would normally write out the word “one” if you were writing,

“The snail advanced one inch,”

if you added a number over nine to that sentence, then you would use numerals instead of words when you write,

“The snail advanced 1 inch on the first day and 12 inches on the second day.”

(You’d write both 1 and 12 as a numeral.) Most style guides agree that you should break your general rule in cases like that, when doing so would make your document more internally consistent.

Web Bonus: Normalization

If you have a third number that would normally be written as a word in the example sentence above, and if it isn’t referring to inches, you would still write it out as a word. You only normalize to numerals if the numbers are referring to the same thing:

The five researchers noted that the snail advanced 1 inch on the first day and 12 inches on the second day.

Next: When Numbers Are Next to Each Other

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Numbers Next to Each Other

Here’s another one most people seem to agree on: When you are writing two numbers right next to each other, you should use words for one of them and a numeral for the other because that makes it a lot easier to read. For example, if you write,

“We tested 52 twelve-inch snails,”

you should write the number 52, but spell out twelve (or vice versa).

Beginning of a Sentence

When you put a number at the beginning of a sentence, most sources recommend writing out the words. If the number would be ridiculously long if you wrote out the words, you should rephrase the sentence so the number doesn’t come at the beginning. For example, this sentence would be hard to read if you wrote out the number:

Twelve thousand eight hundred forty-two people attended the parade.

It’s better to rephrase the sentence to read something like this:

The parade was attended by 12,842 people.

The second sentence uses passive voice, which I generally discourage, but passive voice is better than writing out a humongous number and taking the risk that your readers’ brains will be numb by the time they get to the verb.

Some style guides make an exception to allow you to use the numeral when you’re putting a year at the beginning of a sentence, but others recommend that you use words even in the case of years.

Next: Numbers in Dialogue

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Dialogue

OK, here’s a final rule that’s pretty straightforward. If you’re writing dialogue, for example quoting someone in a magazine article or writing a conversation in fiction, spell out all the numbers. Of course, even here The Chicago Manual of Style notes that you should use numerals “if [words] begin to look silly.” But the idea is that you should lean toward using words in dialogue.

There is so much more to say about numbers that I’m going to make this a two-part series. Next week I’ll cover rules about writing percents, decimals, and numbers over a million.

Web Bonus: What Is a Numeral?

Numeral can be used to refer to any symbol representing a number, including a word. I am using it in this episode to refer to Arabic numerals (e.g., 1, 2, 3).

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References Used for This Episode

Aaron, J. The Little, Brown Essential Handbook. New York: Pearson Education, 2006, p. 101.

Garner, B. Garner’s Modern American Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 560.

Goldstein, N., ed. The Associated Press Stylebook and Libel Manual. Reading: Perseus Books, 1998, p. 144-45.

Lutz, G. and Stevenson, D. Grammar Desk Reference. Cincinnati: Writer’s Digest Books, 2005, p.318.

“Numbers,” Chicago Style Q&A. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.  (accessed March 25, 2008).

“Numbers,” The Chicago Manual of Style, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2006, section 9. (accessed March 25, 2008).

Strumpf, M. and Douglas, A. The Grammar Bible. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2004, p. 349.

The American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2005, p. 324-26.

Image of numbers © Shutterstock